Macro-Khoisan etymology : Query result

Proto-Khoisan : *|a-i

Meaning : aardwolf

Proto-Bushman : *|a^h-i

Proto-Khoe : *|ǐ

Notes : See Honken 1998: 187. The root is too widely spread in Peripheral Khoisan to be safely filed under "borrowing"; and its phonetic shape is too simple from the outset to put common inheritance from Proto-Khoisan under serious suspicion.

Proto-Khoisan : *|ari

Meaning : jackal

Proto-Bushman : *|ari

Proto-Khoe : *ɡ|írì (*|-)

Notes : If there is borrowing here, it cannot be recent since the root is always found in its assimilated form (with first syllable -i-) in Khoe.

Proto-Khoisan : *|au

Meaning : buffalo

Proto-Bushman : *|ao

Proto-Khoe : *|áò

Sandawe : *|eu

Notes : One of the strongest "pan-Khoisan" (w/out Hadza) click-containing isoglosses. Borrowings are not excluded, but are not necessary, either.

Proto-Khoisan : *|e

Meaning : wildebeest

Proto-Bushman : *|₁ḛ ~ *ɡ|₁ḛ

Proto-Khoe : *|é

Sandawe : *|ia

Notes : A common term for an ungulate in Proto-Khoisan. Contact is almost excluded, since the forms are too different in Peripheral Bushman and Khoe.

Proto-Khoisan : *|ɣai

Meaning : to spit, spray

Proto-Bushman : *|ɣai

Proto-Khoe : *|xáì

Notes : A cultural term (not so much as "spit" as "make a libation"), but the borrowing scenario is difficult to imagine, since the direction would have to be from Bushman ("spit") into Khoe ("make a libation") rather than vice versa.

Proto-Khoisan : *|ɣam

Meaning : to urinate

Proto-Bushman : *|ɣam

Proto-Khoe : *|xáḿ

Notes : Possibly an old loan from Khoe into North Khoisan, but the segmental structure of the roots does not match ideally, so it is equally appropriate to suggest genetic relationship.

Proto-Khoisan : *|ʁV

Meaning : hair

Proto-Bushman : *|₁ʁu- ~ *|₁χu-

Proto-Khoe : *|ʔũ̂

Sandawe : *c̣e (?)

Hadza : *ƛ̣e (?)

Notes : Bushman and Khoe data are fairly compatible; Sandawe and Hadza parallels, on the other hand, are very weak.

Proto-Khoisan : *|kxae

Meaning : to fall; to fall ill

Proto-Bushman : *|kxae

Proto-Khoe : *|kxáé

Notes : Although the root is well reconstructible for Proto-North Khoisan, an earlier borrowing from Khoe is not excluded.

Proto-Khoisan : *|kxaU

Meaning : snake

Proto-Bushman : *|kxa[U]

Proto-Khoe : *|kxáó

Sandawe : *c̣iga (?)

Notes : For phonetic and semantic reasons, it is more reasonable to think of genetic relationship here than borrowing between Peripheral Khoisan and Khoe. Inclusion of the Sandawe form is very hypothetical, but it does contain a glottalized affricate that could have easily yielded *|kx- under the secondary click formation scenario.

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